酸化剂、微生态制剂和寡糖对‘麒麟鸡’生长性能和消化道酶活力的影响

为了研究酸化剂、微生态制剂和寡糖单独和联合添加对‘麒麟鸡’生长性能和消化道酶活力的影响,选择健康1日龄‘麒麟鸡’192只,随机分成8个处理组,每个处理组3个重复,每个重复8只鸡,采用L8(23)完全正交试验设计进行试验,酸化剂水平为0、0.15%,微生态制剂水平为0、0.15%,寡糖水平为0、0.10%,试验期28天。结果表明:单独添加0.15%酸化剂可提高‘麒麟鸡’生长性能、消化酶活力;单独添加0.15%微生态制剂对‘麒麟鸡’生长性能无显著影响,可提高胃蛋白酶活力;单独添加0.10%寡糖可降低‘麒麟鸡’生长性能和胃蛋白酶活力;0.15%酸化剂、0.15%微生态制剂和0.10%寡糖2种或3种联合添加对提高‘麒麟鸡’生长性能和消化酶活力的互作效应不明显。     

不同饲养方式对固始鸡生产性能的影响

将固始鸡饲养至4周后,分别笼养和放养至18周,测量其体尺、屠体性能,到42周龄测量蛋品质。结果表明,笼养和放养的活重差异显著(P>0.05),其余屠宰指标差异不显著;蛋品质除了蛋重和蛋壳厚度差异显著(P<0.05)外,其余指标差异均不显著;放养条件下,纤维素酶高于笼养,而对总蛋白水解酶、胰蛋白酶和胃蛋白酶影响不显著。     

磷在棕壤中淋溶迁移特征研究

采用室内土柱淋溶模拟试验，研究相当于一年降雨条件下磷肥在棕壤土垂直方向上的淋溶迁移特征及鸡粪、秸秆对磷素迁移转化的影响。结果表明：土壤施肥量与速效磷、迟效态磷增加量呈极显著正相关。相关系数分别是0．99141。，0．99774；水溶性磷、Al—P与土壤速效磷相关性最好，相关系数分别达0．972和0．926，2500mg／kg鸡粪与25mg／kg磷肥配施能降低磷淋溶率，并能极显著提高土壤中速效磷的增加量，相当于单施50mg／kg的磷肥；秸秆与磷肥配合施用在短期内对土壤磷素的有效性影响不大，但可以减少磷素向下层迁移。     

鸡肉蛋白酶水解工艺条件的研究

为探索鸡肉酶水解工艺条件及其动力学特性，分别采用木瓜蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、菠萝蛋白酶对鸡肉进行了水解试验，得出最优酶为木瓜蛋白酶；由此选用木瓜蛋白酶做正交试验，考察水解温度、时间、加酶量、pH值和固液比5个因素对酶水解的影响，并确定出最优水解条件为温度50℃，时间7 h，加酶量2.4%(以鸡肉的质量百分数计)，pH 7.0，固液比1∶4；在此条件下，水解度可达26.07%。在此基础上由试验数据推导出描述木瓜蛋白酶水解鸡肉的动力学方程，可为鸡肉酶解生化反应器的设计和鸡肉水解蛋白液或蛋白粉的开发提供一定的理论依据。     

初始pH值对鸡骨素酶解液Maillard反应产物的影响

以鸡骨素酶解液为原料,研究了不同初始p H值条件下,添加木糖、半胱氨酸及硫胺素制备的Maillard反应产物(MRPs,maillard reaction products)在热反应过程中的特性变化。研究表明,p H值差异引起各体系氨基酸和总糖初始含量及变化趋势差异,p H值5、7和9体系反应终点多肽含量分别为100.11、100.01、104.55 mg·m L-1;与其它2个体系相比,p H值9体系分子量为2.3、1.39k Da的峰消失,出现峰面积较大的2.95k Da峰和较小的1.04k Da峰,褐变程度为p H值7体系的1.7倍;随着p H值升高,不同体系的MRPs风味主成分存在一定差异,p H值7体系的有机硫化物电子鼻响应值约为其它两个体系的1.6倍,p H值9体系的氮氧化物响应值最大。不同初始p H值影响添加物的含量及状态,导致各体系Maillard反应历程不同,引起MRPs化学组分的差异。本研究为鸡骨素酶解液MRPs风味及功能组分生成机制的研究及鸡骨高值化衍生产品的开发提供一定理论参考。     

Identification of risk factors for the prevalence and persistence of Salmonella in Belgian broiler chicken flocks

According to the European Food Safety Authority, salmonellosis is still one of the main causes of infectious foodborne gastroenteritis in humans. Broilers are an important source of salmonellosis after eggs and pork. Between 1987 and 1999 the trend of human salmonellosis incidence in Belgium increased constantly. However, from 2000 until 2005 a decrease in human cases was observed, probably following the sanitary measures implemented in the poultry breeder and laying sector. In order to decrease human infections it is essential to tackle the problem at the farm level to minimize cross-contamination from farm to fork. This paper seeks to answer two questions: (i) given the Salmonella status of the farm at a certain occasion (equal to the sampling time of the flock), what are the risk factors that the farm will be Salmonella positive at a following occasion? And (ii) what are the risk factors for a farm to be persistently positive for two consecutive flocks? We used surveillance data on 6824 broiler flocks studied for Salmonella infectivity from 2005 to 2006 in Belgium. The farms were tested regularly (3 weeks before slaughter of each broiler flock) for the presence of Salmonella based on multiple faecal samples per flock on a farm yielding clustered data. Generalized estimating equations, alternating logistic regression models, and random-intercept logistic regression models were employed to analyse these correlated binary data. Our results indicated that there are many factors that influence Salmonella risk in broiler flocks, and that they interact. Accounting for interactions between risk factors leads to an improved determination of those risk factors that increase infection with Salmonella. For the conditional analysis, the risk factors found to increase the risk of Salmonella infection on a farm at a current occasion given the previous Salmonella status included: Salmonella infection of day-old chicks (of the current flock); a previously infected flock even though the farm was equipped with a hygiene place to change clothes prior to entering the broiler house; having temporary workmen when there was a separation between birds of different species; and separating birds of different species in the Walloon region relative to the Flanders region. Sanitary measures such as a cleaning and disinfecting procedure conducted by an external cleaning firm, applying the all-in all-out procedure, and hand washing decreased the risk despite their interaction with other factors. From the joint analysis, the most important factors identified for increased risk for persistent Salmonella on a farm involved the interaction between having temporary workmen when there were poultry or farmers in contact with foreign poultry or persons, and the interaction between having temporary workmen when there were poultry or farmers in contact with external poultry or persons.     

鸡myostatin基因的研究进展

肌肉生长抑制素(myostatin)为转化生长因子TGF-beta超家族成员之一。随着研究的深入,发现鸡与哺乳动物myostatin基因的功能特性存在一定差异。本文主要综述了鸡myostatin基因在鸡骨骼肌生长发育和胚胎发生中的表达和功能等方面的研究进展。同时,对鸡作为肌肉相关研究领域模式动物的优势,肉鸡、蛋鸡间骨骼肌巨大生长差异与myostatin基因的可能关系也进行了简单讨论。     

鸡大肠杆菌灭活苗的研制及其应用

为预防鸡大肠杆菌病的发生,从武威地区发病鸡群分离的埃希氏大肠杆菌分离株经雏鸡毒力复壮后,于普通肉汤培养基中增菌培养,经甲醛灭活后制成灭活菌苗,通过实验室各项检验后免疫鸡群,经安全检验和效力检验证明该灭活菌苗安全有效。接种1月龄仔鸡可产生坚强免疫力,能有效预防仔鸡大肠杆菌病的发生。     

海兰（褐）父母代种鸡引入青海高寒地区的饲养试验

对从山东引入青海高寒地区的海兰（褐）父母代鸡进行了饲养试验。结果表明,引入鸡32周龄最高产蛋率达78%,25周龄后种蛋受精率达88%,入孵蛋的孵化率达75%,母鸡1～18周龄成活率为94%,19～60周龄成活率为92%。引入鸡的各项指标基本达到山东标准。     

鸡致病性大肠杆菌O_1、O_2和O_(78)Ⅰ型菌毛结构基因的克隆、序列测定及同源性分析

提取鸡致病性大肠杆菌分离株O1、O2和O78的基因组DNA作模板,用TD-PCR技术从其中分别扩增出0.55 KB的I型菌毛结构基因(piliA).将扩增得到的piliA基因片段,用TA克隆的方法分别克隆进pGEM-T栽体中,转化至受体菌JM109中,用Amp/IPTG/X-gal琼脂平板蓝白菌落筛选法,得到舍阳性重组子的菌株,提取质粒用PstI单酶切及NcoI和PstI双酶切鉴定,结果证实,所构建的克隆质粒中均含有相应piliA基因.经DNA序列分析,其结构基因阅读框架大小为549 bp,但其中O1菌株Ⅰ型菌毛基因在第72位发生突变,有6个碱基插入.经DNAStar核酸分析软件分析,3个基因同源性为89.9%～92.0%.